When
the American Revolution broke out, the rebellious colonies did not
possess an army in the modern sense. Rather, the revolutionaries
fielded an amateur force of colonial troops, cobbled together from
various New England militia companies. They had no unified chain of
command, and although Artemas Ward of Massachusetts exercised
authority by informal agreement, officers from other colonies were not
obligated to obey his orders. The American volunteers were led,
equipped, armed, paid for, and supported by the colonies from which
they were raised.
In the spring of 1775, this “army” was about to confront British
troops near Boston, Massachusetts. The revolutionaries had to
re-organize their forces quickly if they were to stand a chance
against Britain’s seasoned professionals. Recognizing the need to
enlist the support of all of the American seaboard colonies, the
Massachusetts Provincial Congress appealed to the Second Continental
Congress in Philadelphia to assume authority for the New England army.
Reportedly, at John Adams’ request, Congress voted to “adopt” the
Boston troops on June 14, although there is no written record of this
decision. Also on this day, Congress resolved to form a committee “to
bring in a draft of rules and regulations for the government of the
Army,” and voted $2,000,000 to support the forces around Boston, and
those at New York City. Moreover, Congress authorized the formation
of ten companies of expert riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia, which were directed to march to Boston to support the New
England militia.
George Washington received his appointment as commander-in-chief
of the Continental Army the next day, and formally took command at
Boston on July 3, 1775.
John R. Maass
Historian
US Army Center of Military History